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The Role of Benevolent Leadership in Innovative Behavior: The Mediating Role of Job Dedication
American Journal of Economics and Business Management,
Vol. 7 No. 12 (2024): December
Abstract
In this research, we sought to determine the role of benevolent leadership in behavioral behavior: the mediating role of job dedication. In order to achieve this, the benevolent dimension (Ethical Sensitivity, Positive Engagement, Spiritual Depth, Community Responsiveness) was adopted, versus the one-dimensional behavior. And the extent of compatibility with these compatibility through job dedication in its dimensions (Conscientiousness, General expectation of task success, Goal Orientation). The artwork was selected by workers in Al-Kafeel Specialist Hospital in the field for research through a questionnaire (128) individuals. A slight difference (person) was used, and the (R) test to identify the correlation between the variables, and the (F) test for the significance of the regression model, and (R2) was used, the ratio of the relative amount that contributes to the independent variable in explaining the variable in relation to a percentage. I reached a result that there is a significant effect of benevolent leadership on my behavior through the mediating role of job dedication in Al-Kafeel Specialist Hospital. The search for a strong testament to good leadership in order to manage the hospital may still be evident, and plays an important role in leading in general to act in particular.
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- Akhavan,P., Hosseini,S.M., Abbasi,M., & Manteghi,M., 2015. Knowledge sharing determinantes, behavior, and innovative work behaviors : An integrated theoretical view and empirical examination . Aslip Journal of Information Management, 67(5),562-591.https:, doi.org, 10.1108, AJIM-02-0215-0018 .
- AlEssa, H. S., & Durugbo, C. M. (2022). Systematic review of innovative work behavior concepts and contributions. Management Review Quarterly, 72(4), 1171-1208.
- Alnidawi, A.B & Omran, F.M. (2018). The impact of thinking strategies on the employees' creative behavior in insurance companies in Jordan. IJER, 9(6), 10-22.
- Anyimjoy, F. C. , the Role of Human Resource Planning in Recruitment and Selection Process. British Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences, 6(2), 2012.
- Bakker, A. B. (2014). Daily fluctuations in work engagement. European Psychologist.1-10.
- Berg, J. M., Dutton, J. E., & Wrzesniewski, A. (2013), "Job crafting and meaningful work", Purpose and meaning in the workplace (pp. 81–104). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
- Boyce, C. J., Wood, A. M., & Brown, G. D. (2010). The dark side of conscientiousness: Conscientious people experience greater drops in life satisfaction following unemployment. Journal of Research in Personality, 44(4), 535-539.
- Brytting، T. and Trollestad، C.، (2000)،" Managerial Thinking on Value-Based Management"، International Journal of Value-Based Management. Vol. 13: 55-77 .
- Carmeli, A., & Schaubroeck, J. (2007). The influence of leaders' and other referents' normative expectations on individual involvement in creative work. The Leadership Quarterly, 18(1), 35-48.
- Chadwick, I. C., & Raver, J. L. (2015). Motivating organizations to learn: Goal orientation and its influence on organizational learning. Journal of management, 41(3), 957-986.
- Chan، S. C.، & Mak، W. M. (2009). Benevolent leadership، leader? member exchange (LMX)، followers’ performance: An extension of leadership theory in a nonprofit organization. Unpublished manuscript.
- Chan، S. C.، & Mak، W. M. (2012). Benevolent leadership and follower performance: The mediating role of leader–member exchange (LMX). Asia Pacific Journal of Management، 29(2)، 285-301.
- Cron, W. L., Slocum, Jr, J. W., VandeWalle, D., & Fu, Q. (2005). The role of goal orientation on negative emotions and goal setting when initial performance falls short of one's performance goal. Human performance, 18(1), 55-80.
- Dehaghi، Morteza Raei، Goodarzi، Masoud، Arazi، Zahra Karimi،(2012)،" The effect of spiritual values on employees' organizational commitment and its models"، Elsevier Journal، Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 62 (2012) 159 – 166.
- Dietrich, J., Moeller, J., Guo, J., Viljaranta, J., & Kracke, B. (2019). In-the-moment profiles of expectancies, task values, and costs. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 1662.
- Diliello, Trudy C& Houghton, jeery D Maximizing Organizational Ledership capacity for the future , journal of Managerial psychology ,Vol .21 , NO.4, 2006 Emerald .
- Dumfart, B., & Neubauer, A. C. (2016). Conscientiousness is the most powerful noncognitive predictor of school achievement in adolescents. Journal of individual Differences 9-15.
- Erben، G. S.، & Güneşer، A. B. (2008). The relationship between paternalistic leadership and organizational commitment: Investigating the role of climate regarding ethics. Journal of Business Ethics، 82(4)، 955-968.
- Ercoskun, N. Ç., Ozan, C., & Kincal, R. Y. (2019). Turkish Adaptation of Generalized Expectancy for Success Scale: Reliability and Validity Studies. Asian Journal of Education and Training, 5(3), 416-421.
- Fener، T.، & Cevik، T. (2015). Leadership in crisis management: Separation of leadership and executive concepts. Procedia Economics and Finance، 26، 695-701.
- Frolova، Irina، Lapina، Inga،(2014)، "Corporate social responsibility in the framework of quality management"، 19th International
- Gandolfi، F.، & Stone، S. (2018). Leadership، leadership styles، and servant leadership. Journal of Management Research، 18(4)، 261-269.
- Garretsen، H.، Stoker، J. I.، & Weber، R. A. (2020). Economic perspectives on leadership: Concepts، causality، and context in leadership research. The Leadership Quarterly، 31(3)، 101410.
- Ghosh، K. (2015). Benevolent leadership in not-for-profit organizations: Welfare orientation measures، ethical climate and organizational citizenship behaviour. Leadership & Organization Development Journal.
- Gorges, J., & Göke, T. (2015). How do I know what I can do? Anticipating expectancy of success regarding novel academic tasks. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 85(1), 75-90.
- Grant, A. M. (2008). The significance of task significance: Job performance effects, relational mechanisms, and boundary conditions. Journal of applied psychology, 93(1), 108.
- Hamdan, M. K., El Talla, S. A., Al Shobaki, M. J., & Abu-Naser, S. S,Creative Behavior in Palestinian NGOs between Reality and Expectations ,2020.
- Hayajneh، N.، Suifan، T.، Obeidat، B.، Abuhashesh، M.، Alshurideh، M.، & Masa’deh، R. (2021). The relationship between organizational changes and job satisfaction through the mediating role of job stress in the Jordanian telecommunication sector. Management Science Letters، 11(1)، 315-326.
- Jankingthong, K., & Rurkkhum, S. (2012). Factors affecting job performance: a review of literature. Humanities, Arts and Social Sciences Studies (former name Silpakorn University Journal of Social Sciences, Humanities, and Arts), 115-128.
- Janssen, O. (2000). Job demands, perceptions of effort‐reward fairness and innovative work behaviour. Journal of Occupational and organizational psychology, 73(3), 287-302.https:doy.org,10.1348,096317900167038 .
- Jenaro, C., Flores, N., Orgaz, M. B., & Cruz, M. (2011). Vigour and dedication in nursing professionals: towards a better understanding of work engagement. Journal of advanced nursing, 67(4), 865-875.
- Joling, C. I., Blatter, B. M., Ybema, J. F., & Bongers, P. M. (2008). Can favorable psychosocial work conditions and high work dedication protect against the occurrence of work-related musculoskeletal disorders?. Scandinavian journal of work, environment & health, 345-355.
- Kahn،William A.،(1990)،” Psychological Conditions of Personal Engagement and Disengagement at Work”، Academy of Management Journal، Vol.33،No.4
- Kanungo، R. N. and Mendonca M. (1996). "Ethical Dimensions of Leadership". Sage Publications: Thousand Oaks، CA.
- Karakas، F. (2009). Benevolent leadership (PhD Dissertation). McGill University.[Online]Available:http://digitool.library.mcgill.ca/webclient/StreamGate?folder_id=0&dvs=1537643055076~445 (November 17th، 2018).
- Karakas، F.، & Sarigollu، E. (2012). Benevolent leadership: Conceptualization and construct development. Journal of Business Ethics، 108(4)، 537-553.
- Kriger، M. and Seng، Y. (2005). "Leadership with inner meaning: A contingency theory of leadership based on the worldviews of five religions". The Leadership Quarterly Journal، Vol. 16. pp. 771-806.
- Li, X., & Zheng, Y , The influential factors of employees’ innovative behavior and the management advices, Journal of Service Science and Management, Vol. 7 NO .6, 2014.
- Luu، T. (2019). Relationship between benevolent leadership and the well-being among employees with disabilities. Journal of Business Research، 99، 282-294.
- Ma, L., & Jin, J. (2023). A study on content validity of TEM4 listening comprehension (2016-2023). Journal of Language Teaching, 3(10), 69-79
- Maisyuri, R. S. I., & Ariyanto, E. (2021). the Affect of Vigor, Dedication and Absorption on the Employee Performance At Pt. Mandiri Utama Finance. Dinasti International Journal of Management Science, 2(4), 689-702
- Mentiş Köksoy, A., & Aydıner Uygun, M. (2018). Examining the achievement goal orientation levels of Turkish pre-service music teachers. International Journal of Music Education, 36(3), 313-333.
- Miles، E. W.، Hatfield، J. D.، & Huseman، R. C.، (1989)، "The equity sensitivity construct: Potential implications for worker performance"، Journal of Management، 15، 581–588
- Moghimi, S., & Subramaniam, I. D., Employees' creative behavior: The role of organizational climate in Malaysian SMEs , International Journal of Business and Management, Vol. 8,No .5, 2013.
- Nabi، N.، & Liu، Z. (2021). Benevolent paternalistic leadership behavior and follower's radical creativity: The mediating role of follower's voice behavior and moderating role of follower's power distance orientation. International Journal of Research in Business and Social Science (2147-4478)، 10(3)، 156-176.
- Newton, P. (2015), "Employee Engagement in Saskatchewan School Divisions: Literature Review, Conceptualization and Policy Analysis", Saskatchewan Educational Leadership Unit, Department of Educational Administration, College of Education, University of Saskatchewan.
- Nienaber، H. (2010). Conceptualisation of management and leadership. Management Decision.
- Pastor, D. A., Barron, K. E., Miller, B. J., & Davis, S. L. (2007). A latent profile analysis of college students’ achievement goal orientation. Contemporary educational psychology, 32(1), 8-47.
- Payne, S. C., Youngcourt, S. S., & Beaubien, J. M. (2007). A meta-analytic examination of the goal orientation nomological net. Journal of applied psychology, 92(1), 128.
- Pukiene, A., Innovative work behaviour-the role of human resource management and affective commitment , Doctoral dissertation, ISM University of Management and Economics ,2016.
- Roberts, B. W., Lejuez, C., Krueger, R. F., Richards, J. M., & Hill, P. L. (2014). What is conscientiousness and how can it be assessed?. Developmental psychology, 50(5), 1315.
- Sen، Sankar، & Chitra Bhanu Bhattacharya،(2001)،"Does doing good always lead to doing better? Consumer reactions to corporate social responsibility"، Journal of marketing Research: 225-243.
- Shehadeh, H. K. , Impact of the Organizational Culture on Creative Behavior: A Field Study on a Sample of Commercial Banks Operating in Jordan , European Scientific Journal, Vol. 12 ,No.25 .2016.
- Sutherland, R., De Bruin, G. P., & Crous, F. (2007). The relation between conscientiousness, empowerment and performance. SA Journal of Human Resource Management, 5(2), 60-67.
- Van Scotter, J. R., & Motowidlo, S. J. (1996). Interpersonal facilitation and job dedication as separate facets of contextual performance. Journal of applied psychology, 81(5), 525.
- Van Scotter, J. R., & Motowidlo, S. J. (1996). Interpersonal facilitation and job dedication as separate facets of contextual performance. Journal of applied psychology, 81(5), 525.
- Vandewalle, D., Nerstad, C. G., & Dysvik, A. (2019). Goal orientation: A review of the miles traveled and the miles to go. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 6, 115-144.
- Verbree, A. R., Hornstra, L., Maas, L., & Wijngaards-de Meij, L. (2023). Conscientiousness as a predictor of the gender gap in academic achievement. Research in higher education, 64(3), 451-472.
- Wiersma, U. J., & Kappe, R. (2017). Selecting for extroversion but rewarding for conscientiousness. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 26(2), 314-323.
- Witt, L. A., Burke, L. A., Barrick, M. R., & Mount, M. K. (2002). The interactive effects of conscientiousness and agreeableness on job performance. Journal of applied psychology, 87(1), 164.
- Witt, L. A., Kacmar, K. M., Carlson, D. S., & Zivnuska, S. (2002). Interactive effects of personality and organizational politics on contextual performance. Journal of Organizational Behavior: The International Journal of Industrial, Occupational and Organizational Psychology and Behavior, 23(8), 911-926.
- Woodman, R. W., Sawyer, J. E., & Griffin, R. W, Toward a theory of organizational creativity, Academy of management review, 18(2), (1993).
- Wu، M.، Huang، X.، Li، C.، & Liu، W. (2012). Perceived interactional justice and trust-in-supervisor as mediators for paternalistic leadership. Management and Organization Review، 8(1)، 97-121.
- Yong, F. L. (2010). A study on the self-efficacy and expectancy for success of pre-university students. European Journal of Social Sciences, 13(4), 514-524.
- Zhou، Q.، Mao، J. Y.، & Tang، F. (2020). Don’t be afraid to fail because you can learn from it! How intrinsic motivation leads to enhanced self-development and benevolent leadership as a boundary condition. Frontiers in Psychology، 11، 699.
References
Akhavan,P., Hosseini,S.M., Abbasi,M., & Manteghi,M., 2015. Knowledge sharing determinantes, behavior, and innovative work behaviors : An integrated theoretical view and empirical examination . Aslip Journal of Information Management, 67(5),562-591.https:, doi.org, 10.1108, AJIM-02-0215-0018 .
AlEssa, H. S., & Durugbo, C. M. (2022). Systematic review of innovative work behavior concepts and contributions. Management Review Quarterly, 72(4), 1171-1208.
Alnidawi, A.B & Omran, F.M. (2018). The impact of thinking strategies on the employees' creative behavior in insurance companies in Jordan. IJER, 9(6), 10-22.
Anyimjoy, F. C. , the Role of Human Resource Planning in Recruitment and Selection Process. British Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences, 6(2), 2012.
Bakker, A. B. (2014). Daily fluctuations in work engagement. European Psychologist.1-10.
Berg, J. M., Dutton, J. E., & Wrzesniewski, A. (2013), "Job crafting and meaningful work", Purpose and meaning in the workplace (pp. 81–104). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Boyce, C. J., Wood, A. M., & Brown, G. D. (2010). The dark side of conscientiousness: Conscientious people experience greater drops in life satisfaction following unemployment. Journal of Research in Personality, 44(4), 535-539.
Brytting، T. and Trollestad، C.، (2000)،" Managerial Thinking on Value-Based Management"، International Journal of Value-Based Management. Vol. 13: 55-77 .
Carmeli, A., & Schaubroeck, J. (2007). The influence of leaders' and other referents' normative expectations on individual involvement in creative work. The Leadership Quarterly, 18(1), 35-48.
Chadwick, I. C., & Raver, J. L. (2015). Motivating organizations to learn: Goal orientation and its influence on organizational learning. Journal of management, 41(3), 957-986.
Chan، S. C.، & Mak، W. M. (2009). Benevolent leadership، leader? member exchange (LMX)، followers’ performance: An extension of leadership theory in a nonprofit organization. Unpublished manuscript.
Chan، S. C.، & Mak، W. M. (2012). Benevolent leadership and follower performance: The mediating role of leader–member exchange (LMX). Asia Pacific Journal of Management، 29(2)، 285-301.
Cron, W. L., Slocum, Jr, J. W., VandeWalle, D., & Fu, Q. (2005). The role of goal orientation on negative emotions and goal setting when initial performance falls short of one's performance goal. Human performance, 18(1), 55-80.
Dehaghi، Morteza Raei، Goodarzi، Masoud، Arazi، Zahra Karimi،(2012)،" The effect of spiritual values on employees' organizational commitment and its models"، Elsevier Journal، Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 62 (2012) 159 – 166.
Dietrich, J., Moeller, J., Guo, J., Viljaranta, J., & Kracke, B. (2019). In-the-moment profiles of expectancies, task values, and costs. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 1662.
Diliello, Trudy C& Houghton, jeery D Maximizing Organizational Ledership capacity for the future , journal of Managerial psychology ,Vol .21 , NO.4, 2006 Emerald .
Dumfart, B., & Neubauer, A. C. (2016). Conscientiousness is the most powerful noncognitive predictor of school achievement in adolescents. Journal of individual Differences 9-15.
Erben، G. S.، & Güneşer، A. B. (2008). The relationship between paternalistic leadership and organizational commitment: Investigating the role of climate regarding ethics. Journal of Business Ethics، 82(4)، 955-968.
Ercoskun, N. Ç., Ozan, C., & Kincal, R. Y. (2019). Turkish Adaptation of Generalized Expectancy for Success Scale: Reliability and Validity Studies. Asian Journal of Education and Training, 5(3), 416-421.
Fener، T.، & Cevik، T. (2015). Leadership in crisis management: Separation of leadership and executive concepts. Procedia Economics and Finance، 26، 695-701.
Frolova، Irina، Lapina، Inga،(2014)، "Corporate social responsibility in the framework of quality management"، 19th International
Gandolfi، F.، & Stone، S. (2018). Leadership، leadership styles، and servant leadership. Journal of Management Research، 18(4)، 261-269.
Garretsen، H.، Stoker، J. I.، & Weber، R. A. (2020). Economic perspectives on leadership: Concepts، causality، and context in leadership research. The Leadership Quarterly، 31(3)، 101410.
Ghosh، K. (2015). Benevolent leadership in not-for-profit organizations: Welfare orientation measures، ethical climate and organizational citizenship behaviour. Leadership & Organization Development Journal.
Gorges, J., & Göke, T. (2015). How do I know what I can do? Anticipating expectancy of success regarding novel academic tasks. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 85(1), 75-90.
Grant, A. M. (2008). The significance of task significance: Job performance effects, relational mechanisms, and boundary conditions. Journal of applied psychology, 93(1), 108.
Hamdan, M. K., El Talla, S. A., Al Shobaki, M. J., & Abu-Naser, S. S,Creative Behavior in Palestinian NGOs between Reality and Expectations ,2020.
Hayajneh، N.، Suifan، T.، Obeidat، B.، Abuhashesh، M.، Alshurideh، M.، & Masa’deh، R. (2021). The relationship between organizational changes and job satisfaction through the mediating role of job stress in the Jordanian telecommunication sector. Management Science Letters، 11(1)، 315-326.
Jankingthong, K., & Rurkkhum, S. (2012). Factors affecting job performance: a review of literature. Humanities, Arts and Social Sciences Studies (former name Silpakorn University Journal of Social Sciences, Humanities, and Arts), 115-128.
Janssen, O. (2000). Job demands, perceptions of effort‐reward fairness and innovative work behaviour. Journal of Occupational and organizational psychology, 73(3), 287-302.https:doy.org,10.1348,096317900167038 .
Jenaro, C., Flores, N., Orgaz, M. B., & Cruz, M. (2011). Vigour and dedication in nursing professionals: towards a better understanding of work engagement. Journal of advanced nursing, 67(4), 865-875.
Joling, C. I., Blatter, B. M., Ybema, J. F., & Bongers, P. M. (2008). Can favorable psychosocial work conditions and high work dedication protect against the occurrence of work-related musculoskeletal disorders?. Scandinavian journal of work, environment & health, 345-355.
Kahn،William A.،(1990)،” Psychological Conditions of Personal Engagement and Disengagement at Work”، Academy of Management Journal، Vol.33،No.4
Kanungo، R. N. and Mendonca M. (1996). "Ethical Dimensions of Leadership". Sage Publications: Thousand Oaks، CA.
Karakas، F. (2009). Benevolent leadership (PhD Dissertation). McGill University.[Online]Available:http://digitool.library.mcgill.ca/webclient/StreamGate?folder_id=0&dvs=1537643055076~445 (November 17th، 2018).
Karakas، F.، & Sarigollu، E. (2012). Benevolent leadership: Conceptualization and construct development. Journal of Business Ethics، 108(4)، 537-553.
Kriger، M. and Seng، Y. (2005). "Leadership with inner meaning: A contingency theory of leadership based on the worldviews of five religions". The Leadership Quarterly Journal، Vol. 16. pp. 771-806.
Li, X., & Zheng, Y , The influential factors of employees’ innovative behavior and the management advices, Journal of Service Science and Management, Vol. 7 NO .6, 2014.
Luu، T. (2019). Relationship between benevolent leadership and the well-being among employees with disabilities. Journal of Business Research، 99، 282-294.
Ma, L., & Jin, J. (2023). A study on content validity of TEM4 listening comprehension (2016-2023). Journal of Language Teaching, 3(10), 69-79
Maisyuri, R. S. I., & Ariyanto, E. (2021). the Affect of Vigor, Dedication and Absorption on the Employee Performance At Pt. Mandiri Utama Finance. Dinasti International Journal of Management Science, 2(4), 689-702
Mentiş Köksoy, A., & Aydıner Uygun, M. (2018). Examining the achievement goal orientation levels of Turkish pre-service music teachers. International Journal of Music Education, 36(3), 313-333.
Miles، E. W.، Hatfield، J. D.، & Huseman، R. C.، (1989)، "The equity sensitivity construct: Potential implications for worker performance"، Journal of Management، 15، 581–588
Moghimi, S., & Subramaniam, I. D., Employees' creative behavior: The role of organizational climate in Malaysian SMEs , International Journal of Business and Management, Vol. 8,No .5, 2013.
Nabi، N.، & Liu، Z. (2021). Benevolent paternalistic leadership behavior and follower's radical creativity: The mediating role of follower's voice behavior and moderating role of follower's power distance orientation. International Journal of Research in Business and Social Science (2147-4478)، 10(3)، 156-176.
Newton, P. (2015), "Employee Engagement in Saskatchewan School Divisions: Literature Review, Conceptualization and Policy Analysis", Saskatchewan Educational Leadership Unit, Department of Educational Administration, College of Education, University of Saskatchewan.
Nienaber، H. (2010). Conceptualisation of management and leadership. Management Decision.
Pastor, D. A., Barron, K. E., Miller, B. J., & Davis, S. L. (2007). A latent profile analysis of college students’ achievement goal orientation. Contemporary educational psychology, 32(1), 8-47.
Payne, S. C., Youngcourt, S. S., & Beaubien, J. M. (2007). A meta-analytic examination of the goal orientation nomological net. Journal of applied psychology, 92(1), 128.
Pukiene, A., Innovative work behaviour-the role of human resource management and affective commitment , Doctoral dissertation, ISM University of Management and Economics ,2016.
Roberts, B. W., Lejuez, C., Krueger, R. F., Richards, J. M., & Hill, P. L. (2014). What is conscientiousness and how can it be assessed?. Developmental psychology, 50(5), 1315.
Sen، Sankar، & Chitra Bhanu Bhattacharya،(2001)،"Does doing good always lead to doing better? Consumer reactions to corporate social responsibility"، Journal of marketing Research: 225-243.
Shehadeh, H. K. , Impact of the Organizational Culture on Creative Behavior: A Field Study on a Sample of Commercial Banks Operating in Jordan , European Scientific Journal, Vol. 12 ,No.25 .2016.
Sutherland, R., De Bruin, G. P., & Crous, F. (2007). The relation between conscientiousness, empowerment and performance. SA Journal of Human Resource Management, 5(2), 60-67.
Van Scotter, J. R., & Motowidlo, S. J. (1996). Interpersonal facilitation and job dedication as separate facets of contextual performance. Journal of applied psychology, 81(5), 525.
Van Scotter, J. R., & Motowidlo, S. J. (1996). Interpersonal facilitation and job dedication as separate facets of contextual performance. Journal of applied psychology, 81(5), 525.
Vandewalle, D., Nerstad, C. G., & Dysvik, A. (2019). Goal orientation: A review of the miles traveled and the miles to go. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 6, 115-144.
Verbree, A. R., Hornstra, L., Maas, L., & Wijngaards-de Meij, L. (2023). Conscientiousness as a predictor of the gender gap in academic achievement. Research in higher education, 64(3), 451-472.
Wiersma, U. J., & Kappe, R. (2017). Selecting for extroversion but rewarding for conscientiousness. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 26(2), 314-323.
Witt, L. A., Burke, L. A., Barrick, M. R., & Mount, M. K. (2002). The interactive effects of conscientiousness and agreeableness on job performance. Journal of applied psychology, 87(1), 164.
Witt, L. A., Kacmar, K. M., Carlson, D. S., & Zivnuska, S. (2002). Interactive effects of personality and organizational politics on contextual performance. Journal of Organizational Behavior: The International Journal of Industrial, Occupational and Organizational Psychology and Behavior, 23(8), 911-926.
Woodman, R. W., Sawyer, J. E., & Griffin, R. W, Toward a theory of organizational creativity, Academy of management review, 18(2), (1993).
Wu، M.، Huang، X.، Li، C.، & Liu، W. (2012). Perceived interactional justice and trust-in-supervisor as mediators for paternalistic leadership. Management and Organization Review، 8(1)، 97-121.
Yong, F. L. (2010). A study on the self-efficacy and expectancy for success of pre-university students. European Journal of Social Sciences, 13(4), 514-524.
Zhou، Q.، Mao، J. Y.، & Tang، F. (2020). Don’t be afraid to fail because you can learn from it! How intrinsic motivation leads to enhanced self-development and benevolent leadership as a boundary condition. Frontiers in Psychology، 11، 699.