The Negative Impact of Energy Drinks on the State of the Cardiovascular System

Abstract

Energy drinks (EDs) are commonly used as a dietary supplement by young adolescents and adults. They are often used as a source of energy in order to enhance physical and mental performance. EDs contain a variety of substances, but caffeine is the main component. Safety has been the biggest concern associated with consuming EDs. Case reports, observational studies, and meta-analyses have been done in order to determine the effects of EDs on cardiovascular changes. The detrimental effects of EDs are cardiac arrhythmias, myocardial infarction, prolonged QT interval, aortic dissection, and death. In this article, we review case reports, observational studies, and meta-analyses of EDs and the risk of cardiovascular events and mortality. We also review active ingredients, pharmacokinetics, and the mechanism of action of EDs. Energy drinks (EDs) are more commonly used by the young population as a source of dietary supplement. EDs containing caffeine and other stimulants were introduced. They are consumed by 30-50% of the young population of the USA [1]. The popular brands in the USA are Red Bull, Rockstar, Monster, Full Throttle and Amp. These are often used to improve weight loss, athletic performance, energy level, concentration, and decrease the aftereffects of alcohol [2-3]. The common ingredients of EDs are caffeine, sugar, taurine, vitamin B complex, guarana, and ginseng. Most of these ingredients are not well studied. An energy shot is the concentrated form of an ED and is often sold in a smaller bottle. Instead of being labeled as beverages, these substances are labeled as dietary supplements. Under the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act of 1994, dietary supplement ingredients do not require United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval. Subsequently, the FDA has a limited a role in the regulation of EDs.