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Amnesty Programme and Rehabilitation of Youths in Rivers State, Nigeria: Establishing The Socio-Economic Nexus
Corresponding Author(s) : Veronica Eke
American Journal of Economics and Business Management,
Vol. 8 No. 3 (2025): March
Abstract
This study examined the amnesty programme and rehabilitation of youths in Rivers State, Nigeria. Data for the study were generated through a 41-item structured questionnaire administered to 384 respondents from Port Harcourt, Obio-Akpor, Asari-Toru, Ahoada West, Gokana and Eleme local government areas in Rivers State. The sample size for the study was drawn using the Taro Yamane’s formula, while the random and purposive sampling techniques were used to administer the questionnaire to the respondents. Two hypotheses were formulated and tested in the study in line with the objectives of the study. First, the study found a significant relationship between amnesty programme and rehabilitation of militant youths in Rivers State, Nigeria. Second, it also found a significant relationship between amnesty programme and training of militant youths for self-economic empowerment in Rivers State, Nigeria. As a result, the study concluded that more concerted efforts should be geared towards giving the amnesty programme all it needs for effective rehabilitation of the youths. Finally, the study recommended that the programme be given strong legal backing to ensure its sustenance, be opened for private-public partnership for its reinforcement and sustenance, be complemented by other innovative measures such as wide consultation with various stakeholders and inclusion of all Niger Delta youths, and be adequately funded and well organized, among other things.
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- E. E. Osaghae, “The Ogoni Uprising: Oil Politics, Minority Agitation and the future of the Nigerian State,” Afr Aff., vol. 94, pp. 325–344, 1995.
- V. Ojakorotu, “Youth Militancy and Development Efforts in African Multiethnic Society,” Asteriskos, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 229–242, 2006.
- A. Ikein, “The Potential Power of West African Oil to the Economic and Energy Security Interest of Euro-America in the 21st Century,” J Sustain. Dev Afr, vol. 10, no. 4, pp. 540–556, 2009.
- O. O. Olaniyi, O. O. Olaoye, and O. J. Okunleye, “Effects of Information Governance (IG) on profitability in the Nigerian banking sector,” Asian J. Econ. Gov., 2023, [Online]. Available: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4526249
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- A. A. Akinwale, “Amnesty and Human Capital Development Agenda for the Niger Delta,” J. Afr. Stud. Dev., vol. 2, no. 8, pp. 201–207, Nov. 2010.
- F. Ikenya and M. Iwuagwu, “Managing the Niger Delta Crisis. The Yar’Adua Experience,” Int J Soc Sci, no. 2, pp. 101–104, 2009.
- J. S. Omotola, “Liberation Movements and Rising Violence in the Niger Delta: The New Contentious Site of Oil and Environment Politics,” Stud Confl Terror, vol. 33, no. 1, pp. 36–54, 2010.
- J. I. Dibua, “Citizenships and Resource Control in Nigeria: Case of Minority Communities in the Niger Delta,” Afr Spectr, vol. 39, no. 1, pp. 5–28, 2005.
- O. Ibeanu and R. Luckman, Niger Delta: Political Violence, Governance and Corporate Responsibility in a Petrol-state. Abuja: CDD, 2006.
- F. Iyayi, The Niger Delta: Issues of Justice and Development Agenda. Abuja: Centre for Democracy and Development, 2007.
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- M. Jega, “Amnesty: Off To A Good Start,” Dly. Trust, p. 2, Oct. 2009.
- S. U. Ofehe, “Interview: Post Amnesty requires enabling Law,” Financ. Stand., p. 38, Mar. 2009.
- E. Udugban, “No More Militants in Niger Delta,” Niger. Tribute, p. 49, Oct. 2009.
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- K. Okoko, “Interview: Amnesty Programme Lacks Transparency,” The Nation, p. 13, Nov. 2009.
- S. Peterside, “Interview: Preparation for the Amnesty Inadequate,” The Guardian, 2009.
- L. Mitee, “Interview: Amnesty Alone cannot Resolve Niger Delta Question,” The Nation, p. 15, Jan. 2010.
- Z. Adaramola, “Amnesty May Not End Niger Delta Crisis – Dafinone,” Dly. Trust, p. 10, Dec. 2009.
- T. W. Schultz, Investment in Human Capital. New York: The Free Press, 1971.
- G. Psacharopoulos and M. Woodhall, Education for Development: An Analysis of Investment Choice. New York: Oxford University Press, 1997.
- Y. Yasdin M. Yahya, A. Z. Yusuf, M. I. Musa, S. Sakaria and Y. Yusri, “The Role of New Literacy and Critical Thinking in Students’ Vocational Development,” Cypriot J. Educ. Sci., vol. 15, no. 5, pp. 1125–1135, 2020, doi: 10.18844/cjes.v15i5.5160.
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- A. Fagerlind and L. J. Saha, Education and National Developments. New Delhi: Reed Educational and Professional Publishing Ltd., 1997.
- B. Robert, “Economic Growth in a Cross Section of Countries,” Q. J. Econ., vol. 106, no. 2, pp. 407–414, 1991.
- I. J. Ayeni, “Chemistry entrepreneurship: A panacea for economic recession in Nigeria,” J. Assert., vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 68–74, 2018.
- C. Harrison, M. MacGeoch, and C. Michetti, “Sustainable Debt Global State of the Market 2021.” Climate Bonds Initiative, 2022. doi: 10.2139/ssrn.3344886.
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References
E. E. Osaghae, “The Ogoni Uprising: Oil Politics, Minority Agitation and the future of the Nigerian State,” Afr Aff., vol. 94, pp. 325–344, 1995.
V. Ojakorotu, “Youth Militancy and Development Efforts in African Multiethnic Society,” Asteriskos, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 229–242, 2006.
A. Ikein, “The Potential Power of West African Oil to the Economic and Energy Security Interest of Euro-America in the 21st Century,” J Sustain. Dev Afr, vol. 10, no. 4, pp. 540–556, 2009.
O. O. Olaniyi, O. O. Olaoye, and O. J. Okunleye, “Effects of Information Governance (IG) on profitability in the Nigerian banking sector,” Asian J. Econ. Gov., 2023, [Online]. Available: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4526249
V. Egwemi, “From Minority and Oil Rights Agitation to Militancy: Some Thoughts on the Niger Delta Crisis,” Natl. Dev. Rev. J Cent. Dev Compar Stud, no. 1, 2010.
C. Ajaero, “The Niger Delta Militants,” Newswatch, pp. 11–13, Jan. 2010.
A. A. Akinwale, “Amnesty and Human Capital Development Agenda for the Niger Delta,” J. Afr. Stud. Dev., vol. 2, no. 8, pp. 201–207, Nov. 2010.
F. Ikenya and M. Iwuagwu, “Managing the Niger Delta Crisis. The Yar’Adua Experience,” Int J Soc Sci, no. 2, pp. 101–104, 2009.
J. S. Omotola, “Liberation Movements and Rising Violence in the Niger Delta: The New Contentious Site of Oil and Environment Politics,” Stud Confl Terror, vol. 33, no. 1, pp. 36–54, 2010.
J. I. Dibua, “Citizenships and Resource Control in Nigeria: Case of Minority Communities in the Niger Delta,” Afr Spectr, vol. 39, no. 1, pp. 5–28, 2005.
O. Ibeanu and R. Luckman, Niger Delta: Political Violence, Governance and Corporate Responsibility in a Petrol-state. Abuja: CDD, 2006.
F. Iyayi, The Niger Delta: Issues of Justice and Development Agenda. Abuja: Centre for Democracy and Development, 2007.
V. Ojakorotu, “Youth Militancy and Development Efforts in African Multiethnic Society,” Asteriskos, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 229–242, 2006.
M. Jega, “Amnesty: Off To A Good Start,” Dly. Trust, p. 2, Oct. 2009.
S. U. Ofehe, “Interview: Post Amnesty requires enabling Law,” Financ. Stand., p. 38, Mar. 2009.
E. Udugban, “No More Militants in Niger Delta,” Niger. Tribute, p. 49, Oct. 2009.
J. Ojo, “Yar’adua Amnesty has failed – Niger Delta Leaders,” Dly. Sun, p. 6, Dec. 2009.
K. Okoko, “Interview: Amnesty Programme Lacks Transparency,” The Nation, p. 13, Nov. 2009.
S. Peterside, “Interview: Preparation for the Amnesty Inadequate,” The Guardian, 2009.
L. Mitee, “Interview: Amnesty Alone cannot Resolve Niger Delta Question,” The Nation, p. 15, Jan. 2010.
Z. Adaramola, “Amnesty May Not End Niger Delta Crisis – Dafinone,” Dly. Trust, p. 10, Dec. 2009.
T. W. Schultz, Investment in Human Capital. New York: The Free Press, 1971.
G. Psacharopoulos and M. Woodhall, Education for Development: An Analysis of Investment Choice. New York: Oxford University Press, 1997.
Y. Yasdin M. Yahya, A. Z. Yusuf, M. I. Musa, S. Sakaria and Y. Yusri, “The Role of New Literacy and Critical Thinking in Students’ Vocational Development,” Cypriot J. Educ. Sci., vol. 15, no. 5, pp. 1125–1135, 2020, doi: 10.18844/cjes.v15i5.5160.
J. B. Babalola, “Budget Preparation and Expenditure Control in Education,” in Basic Text in Education Planning, J. B. Babalola, Ed., Ibadan: Awemark Industrial Printers, 2003.
A. Fagerlind and L. J. Saha, Education and National Developments. New Delhi: Reed Educational and Professional Publishing Ltd., 1997.
B. Robert, “Economic Growth in a Cross Section of Countries,” Q. J. Econ., vol. 106, no. 2, pp. 407–414, 1991.
I. J. Ayeni, “Chemistry entrepreneurship: A panacea for economic recession in Nigeria,” J. Assert., vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 68–74, 2018.
C. Harrison, M. MacGeoch, and C. Michetti, “Sustainable Debt Global State of the Market 2021.” Climate Bonds Initiative, 2022. doi: 10.2139/ssrn.3344886.
M. Dadds et al., “Attention to the eyes and fear-recognition deficits in child psychopathy,” Br. J. Psychiatry, vol. 189, no. 3, p. 280, 2011.